China, the leading global producer and consumer of antibiotics, faces growing antimicrobial resistance as a result of inappropriate use of antibiotics in clinical, agricultural, livestock, and aquacultural settings (1, 2). China’s first national action plan to contain antimicrobial resistance yielded positive outcomes, but the prevalence of clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria in China remains high (3). The effects of global climate change and pollution are exacerbating the problem (4). China has now announced a second national action plan (5), with the goal of helping to prevent the global spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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